Bologna's winters are cold and unpredictable, with temperatures often dropping below freezing in January and December. Spring is a gentle awakening, with mild temperatures gradually increasing through March and April. Summer brings warmth, but it can also be quite hot, especially in June and July, with temperatures sometimes reaching the mid-30s. Autumn is similarly temperate, with cooler days returning by October. Overall, temperature fluctuations are moderate, except for occasional cold snaps and heatwaves.